Heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) contribute significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and air pollution in China. HDVs emitted about half of the GHG emissionsacross all on-road vehicles and approximately 3% of GHG emissions from allindustry in China in 2019 (Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2020). Despiteadvances in diesel engine emissions performance, a full transition to zero-emissionheavy-duty vehicles (ZE-HDVs) will be required for China to meet its economy-widedecarbonization ta