China aims at peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. To advance actions on this ‘dual carbon’ goal, the “Action Plan for Carbon Dioxide Peaking before 2030”1 was issued by the State Council in 2021. Taking action by promoting green and lowcarbon transportation is one of the key tasks in these policies. In response to this goal, cities such as Beijing and Shanghai put a focus on developing green, high efficiency transportation systems as